Audio materials, 1956-1977 [sound recording]. 1956-1977.

Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6g26t2z (person)

Thurgood Marshall (b. July 2, 1908, Baltimore, Maryland – d. January 24, 1993, Washington, D.C.) was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, serving from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court's 96th justice and its first African-American justice. Before becoming a judge, Marshall was a lawyer who was best known for his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education, a 1954 decision that ruled t...

Motley, Constance Baker, 1921-2005

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6hz25s8 (person)

Judge; Lawyer; Civil rights advocate; Social reformer; State senator. From the description of Papers 1948-1988. (Smith College). WorldCat record id: 46451836 Judge; interviewee married Joel Motley. From the description of Reminiscences of Constance Baker Motley : oral history, 1978. (Columbia University In the City of New York). WorldCat record id: 309741689 Constance Baker Motley, circa 1963 Constance Juanita Baker was born on ...

Rustin, Bayard, 1912-1987

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6fp2049 (person)

Bayard Rustin (b. March 17, 1912, West Chester, Pennsylvania–d. August 24, 1987, Manhattan, New York) was an African-American Quaker who was concerned with nonviolence, socialism, civil rights, race relations, and international relations. He was connected with the Fellowship of Reconciliation, American Friends Service Committee, War Resisters League, Congress of Racial Equality, and Committee for Nonviolent Civil Disobedience against Military Segregation. He was imprisoned during World War II fo...

Farmer, James Leonard, Jr., 1920-1999

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6039jfq (person)

Civil rights leader, author, labor organizer, and teacher, James Leonard Farmer, Jr. was born on January 12, 1920, in Marshall, Texas. He earned degrees from Wiley College (1938) and the Howard University School of Divinity (1940). Farmer went on to found the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) which played a key role in the Civil Rights movement, particularly in launching the Freedom Rides in the summer of 1961. These bus rides tested the federal interstate transportation accommodations at bus t...

Belafonte, Harry, 1927-2023

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6q63gmd (person)

Born to immigrant parents in Harlem on March 1, 1927, Harry Belafonte spent much of his youth in his mother's home country of Jamaica. Though difficult, life in Jamaica was full of rich cultural experiences that influenced Belafonte's art. At the beginning of World War II, Belafonte returned to Harlem with his mother and brother. He had trouble integrating into the new environment and later dropped out of high school to join the U.S. Navy. After Belafonte was honorably discharged, he went bac...

Robinson, Jackie, 1919-1972

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6gc2x0w (person)

Jack Roosevelt "Jackie" Robinson (January 31, 1919 – October 24, 1972) was an American professional baseball player who became the first African American to play in Major League Baseball (MLB) in the modern era. Robinson broke the baseball color line when he started at first base for the Brooklyn Dodgers on April 15, 1947. When the Dodgers signed Robinson, they heralded the end of racial segregation in professional baseball that had relegated black players to the Negro leagues since the 1880s. R...

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6k17w53 (corporateBody)

Organizational History and List of Officers Organizational History 1909 Issued the “Call,” a statement calling for a conference to protest discrimination and violence against African Americans Convened the National Negro Conference on May 31 and June 1, New York, N.Y. E...

Randolph, A. Philip, 1889-1979

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6jj4bwm (person)

Asa Philip Randolph (born April 15, 1889, Cresent City, Florida-died May 16, 1979, New York City), African-American labor leader and early civil rights spokesman. Influenced by the socialism of Eugene Debs, Randolph began publishing his magazine The Messenger in 1917. He opposed U.S. entry into the first World War. In 1925 he organized the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. His associations with Bayard Rustin and James Farmer influenced his dedication to nonviolence. Randolph was a founder of ...

Davis, Sammy, Jr., 1925-1990

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w67n10bd (person)

Samuel George Davis Jr. (December 8, 1925 – May 16, 1990) was an American singer, dancer, actor, vaudevillian and comedian who has been called "the greatest entertainer ever to grace a stage in these United States." At age three, Davis began his career in vaudeville with his father Sammy Davis Sr. and the Will Mastin Trio, which toured nationally. After military service, he returned to the trio and became an overnight sensation following a nightclub performance at Ciro's (in West Hollywood) afte...

Baldwin, James, 1924-1987

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6d03zjf (person)

James Baldwin was a novelist, essayist, short story writer and playwright. Born in Harlem, he provided a literary voice during the period of civil rights activism in the 1950s and 1960s. His first novel, "Go Tell It on the Mountain" (1953) is a partially autobiographical account of his youth. His other novels include "Giovanni's Room" (1956) and "Another Country" (1962), both concerned with homosexuality as a theme. Baldwin's highly personal and analytical essay collections, "Notes of a...

Jackson, Jesse, 1941-

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w65v49sj (person)

The Reverend Jesse Louis Jackson, Sr., founder and president of the Rainbow PUSH Coalition, is one of America’s foremost civil rights, religious and political figures. Over the past forty years, he has played a pivotal role in virtually every movement for empowerment, peace, civil rights, gender equality, and economic and social justice. On August 9, 2000, President Bill Clinton awarded Reverend Jackson the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation’s highest civilian honor. Reverend Jackson h...

Hawkins, Augustus F., 1907-2007

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6z140c9 (person)

Augustus Freeman Hawkins (August 31, 1907 – November 10, 2007) was a prominent American Democratic Party politician and a figure in the history of Civil Rights and organized labor. Over the course of his career, Hawkins authored more than 300 state and federal laws, the most famous of which are Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the 1978 Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act. He was known as the "silent warrior" for his commitment to education and ending unemployment. Hawkins emphasize...

Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 1908-1972

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6b960dp (person)

Adam Clayton Powell Jr. (November 29, 1908 – April 4, 1972) was a Baptist pastor and an American politician, who represented the Harlem neighborhood of New York City in the United States House of Representatives from 1945 until 1971. He was the first African-American to be elected from New York to Congress. Re-elected for nearly three decades, Powell became a powerful national politician of the Democratic Party, and served as a national spokesman on civil rights and social issues. He also urg...

Haley, Alex, 1921-1992

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6xj0gb0 (person)

Alexander Murray Palmer Haley (August 11, 1921 – February 10, 1992) was an American writer and the author of the 1976 book Roots: The Saga of an American Family. ABC adapted the book as a television miniseries of the same name and aired it in 1977 to a record-breaking audience of 130 million viewers. In the United States, the book and miniseries raised the public awareness of black American history and inspired a broad interest in genealogy and family history. Haley's first book was The Auto...

Hastie, William Henry, Jr., 1904-1976

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6hv3cjz (person)

William Henry Hastie Jr. (November 17, 1904 – April 14, 1976) was an American lawyer, judge, educator, public official, and civil rights advocate. He was the first African American to serve as Governor of the United States Virgin Islands, as a federal judge, and as a federal appellate judge. He served as a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit and previously served as District Judge of the District Court of the Virgin Islands. Hastie was born ...

Hooks, Benjamin L. (Benjamin Lawson), 1925-2010

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w67j27r1 (person)

Benjamin Lawson Hooks (January 31, 1925 – April 15, 2010) was an attorney who practiced in Memphis, Tennessee and served as the executive director for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) from 1977 to 1992....

Sutton, Percy E.

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6891gz4 (person)

Diggs, Charles Clayton, 1947-

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6x35kzq (person)

Fauntroy, Walter E., 1933-

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w62r3s5x (person)

Walter Edward Fauntroy (born February 6, 1933) is the former pastor of the New Bethel Baptist Church in Washington, D.C., and a civil rights activist. He is also a former delegate to the United States House of Representatives and was a candidate for the 1972 and 1976 Democratic presidential nominations as a favorite son, as well as a human rights activist. His stated life work is to advocate public policy that "declares Good News to the poor, that binds up the broken hearted and sets at liberty ...

Du Bois, W. E. B. (William Edward Burghardt), 1868-1963

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6gk06z2 (person)

W. E. B. Du Bois was an American sociologist, socialist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author, writer and editor. Educated at Fisk University, he did graduate work at the University of Berlin and Harvard, where he was the first African American to earn a doctorate. Du Bois became a professor of history, sociology and economics at Atlanta University. Due to his contributions in the African-American community he was seen as a member of a Black elite that supported some aspects ...

Cobb, W. Montague (William Montague), 1904-1990

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6g4669b (person)

Clark, Kenneth Bancroft, 1914-2005

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w63n23c7 (person)

Psychologist and educator. From the description of Kenneth Bancroft Clark papers, 1897-1994 (bulk 1935-1990). (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 70982674 Social psychologist, educator, and author. From the description of Audio materials, 1950-1975 [sound recording]. 1950-1975. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 40723090 African American psychologist and educator. From the description of Papers, 1897-1994 (bulk 1935-1990). (Unknown). WorldCat record i...

Wilkins, Roy, 1901-1981

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6s46r5z (person)

Civil rights leader and journalist; d. 1981. From the description of Papers, 1915-1980. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 31605113 Roy Wilkins was born in St. Louis, Missouri, grew up in St. Paul, Minnesota and graduated from the University of Minnesota. Wilkins edited the KANSAS CITY CALL, a Black newspaper, from 1923 to 1931. Wilkins became Assistant Secretary of the NAACP in 1931 and became Executive Secretary in 1955. Under his leadership the NAACP grew to 350,000 members. ...

Wilson, Margaret Bush, 1919-2009

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6933zc9 (person)

NAACP leader, activist attorney Margaret Bush Wilson was born Margaret Bush on January 30, 1919, in St. Louis, Missouri. Wilson's father, a railway postal clerk, James Thomas Bush was a 1900 Prairie View A&M graduate and her mother, Margaret Bernice Casey Bush taught kindergarten. Both of Wilson's parents were active in the local NAACP, with her mother serving as an executive board member. Wilson attended grade school on the grounds of Sumner High School where lifelong friend Julia Davis men...

Weaver, Robert C. (Robert Clifton), 1907-1997

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6jh3p1t (person)

Robert Clifton Weaver (December 29, 1907 – July 17, 1997) was an American economist, academic, and political administrator who served as the first United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) from 1966 to 1968, when the department was newly established by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Weaver was the first African American to be appointed to a US cabinet-level position. Born in Washington, D.C., Weaver attended the M Street High School, now known as the Dunbar High School, the...

Spingarn, Arthur B. (Arthur Barnett), 1878-1971

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6xs69qj (person)

African American lawyer, scholar, and president of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. From the description of Papers, 1914-1971. (Moorland-Spingarn Resource Center). WorldCat record id: 70941351 Spingarn was born on Mar. 28, 1878 in New York City; AB (1897), AM (1899), and LL. B (1900), Columbia Univ.; LL. D, Howard Univ., 1941; L.H.D., Long Island Univ., 1966; practiced law beginning in 1900; chairman of national legal committee, and vice-presid...

Height, Dorothy I. (Dorothy Irene), 1912-2010

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6z901p0 (person)

Social worker. From the description of Reminiscences of Dorothy I. Height : oral history, 1976. (Columbia University In the City of New York). WorldCat record id: 309740864 Civil rights activist; YWCA worker From the description of Dorothy Irene Height papers, 1937-2005 (Smith College). WorldCat record id: 463485177 Dorothy Irene Height was born March 24, 1912 in Richmond, Virginia to Fannie Burroughs and James Height. Both of Height's paren...

Coleman, William T. (William Thaddeus), 1920-2017

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6154fz9 (person)

William Thaddeus Coleman Jr. (July 7, 1920 – March 31, 2017) was an American attorney and judge. Coleman was the fourth United States Secretary of Transportation, from March 7, 1975, to January 20, 1977, and the second African American to serve in the United States Cabinet. As an attorney, Coleman played a major role in significant civil rights cases. At the time of his death, Coleman was the oldest living former Cabinet member. Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, he graduated from Germantown...

Mitchell, Clarence M. (Clarence Maurice), 1911-1984

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6ww85px (person)

Civil rights activist. From the description of Clarence M. Mitchell family papers. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 71132674 California gold miner. From the description of Letters : holograph, 1849 March 23 - Nov. 19. (University of California, San Diego). WorldCat record id: 36854749 Civil rights activist, lawyer. From the description of Reminiscences of Clarence Maurice Mitchell : oral history, 1981. (Columbia University In the City of New Yo...

Hill, Herbert 1924-

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w63z04bj (person)

Meredith, James Howard, 1933-

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6m067tb (person)

James Howard Meredith (born June 25, 1933) is an American civil rights activist, writer, political adviser, and United States Air Force veteran who became, in 1962, the first African-American student admitted to the racially segregated University of Mississippi after the intervention of the federal government. In 1966, Meredith planned a solo 220-mile March Against Fear from Memphis, Tennessee, to Jackson, Mississippi. On the second day, he was shot by a white gunman and suffered numerous wound...

X, Malcolm, 1925-1965

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w658220q (person)

Black activist. From the description of Radio broadcast of an interview with Malcolm X, 1962. (Columbia University In the City of New York). WorldCat record id: 309736449 Black nationalist. From the description of Reminiscences of Malcolm X : lecture, [196-?]. (Columbia University In the City of New York). WorldCat record id: 122513305 African American nationalist leader and minister of the Nation of Islam who sought to broaden the civil rights struggle ...

Bond, Horace Julian, 1940-2015

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6jv0dh3 (person)

Civil rights activist, state representative, and state senator Julian Bond was born on January 14, 1940 in Nashville, Tennessee. He and his family moved to Pennsylvania, where his father, Horace Mann Bond, was appointed president of Lincoln University.In 1957, Julian Bond graduated from the George School, a Quaker school in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and entered Morehouse College. In 1960, Julian Bond was one of several hundred students who helped form the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Commit...

Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6rn37qn (person)

Poet, author, playwright, songwriter. From the guide to the Langston Hughes collection, [microform], 1926-1967, (The New York Public Library. Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division.) From the description of Langston Hughes collection, 1926-1967. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 144652168 Langson Hughes: African-American poet and writer, author of Weary Blue (1926), The Big Sea (1940), and other works. ...

Carter, Robert L., 1917-2012

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w61c1vpm (person)

Civil rights lawyer and judge. Full name: Robert Lee Carter. From the description of Robert L. Carter papers, 1941-2006 (bulk 1969-2004). (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 81804938 Civil rights lawyer and judge; b. Robert Lee Carter. From the description of Papers, 1960-1993. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 34149444 Biographical Note 1917, Mar. 11 Born,...

Bates, Daisy, 1914-1999

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6t153fk (person)

Daisy Bates, born Daisy Lee Gatson, born on November 11, 1914, Huttig, Arkansas, was a social activist and author. She married L. Christopher Bates, publisher of the Arkansas State Press, in 1942. The couple lived in Little Rock (Pulaski County) where they published their newspaper and were active in the Arkansas State Conference of the NAACP. She became the advisor to the Little Rock Nine, the first group to integrate Central High School in 1957. Following the writing of her memoirs in 1960, Mr...

Tobias, Channing H.

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6611t1s (person)

Franklin, John Hope, 1915-2009

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w67d2sf7 (person)

Dean of African American historians, John Hope Franklin was born January 2, 1915 in Rentriesville, Oklahoma. His family relocated to Tulsa, Oklahoma shortly after the Tulsa Disaster of 1921. Franklin's mother, Mollie was a teacher and his father, B.C. Franklin was an attorney who handled lawsuits precipitated by the famous Tulsa Race Riot. Graduating from Booker T. Washington High School in 1931, Franklin received an A.B. from Fisk University in 1935 and went on to attend Harvard University, whe...

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6qs5m3z (person)

Martin Luther King, Jr. (b. January 15, 1929, Atlanta, Georgia –d. April 4, 1968, Memphis, Tennessee) was an American Baptist minister and activist who was a leader in the Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience. King helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech. In 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize and in 1965, he helped to organize the Selma to M...

Moon, Henry Lee, 1901-1985

http://n2t.net/ark:/99166/w6jt092p (person)

Journalist; Mr. Moon d.1984. From the description of Reminiscences of Henry Lee Moon and Robert C. Weaver : oral history, 1980. (Columbia University In the City of New York). WorldCat record id: 309742018 ...